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Species and subspecies of Zizina butterflies. The classification follows Yago et al. (2008). Upper left: Zizina emelina emelina♂,Japan; ditto♀, Japan. Upper right: Zizina emelina thibetensis♂, China; ditto♀, China. Center left: Zizina otis riukuensis♂, Okinawa; ditto♀, Okinawa. Center right: Zizina otis oriens♂, Indonesia; ditto♀, Indonesia. Zizina otis indica♂, India; Zizina otis antanossa♂, Ghana. Zizina oxleyi♂, New Zealand; ditto♀, New Zealand
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Linearized NJ tree of species of Zizina based on Kimura's two-parameter model using ND5 nucleotide sequences from mtDNA. The right hand side indicates the classification of Bridges (1988) and Yago et al. (2008)
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Phylogeography of species of Zizina. The classification follows Yago et al. (2008). Specimen photos indicate the upper- (left) and underside (right) of the male wings. Red frame: Zizina emelina; blue frame: Zizina otis; purple frame: Zizina oxleyi
B23
Zizina butterflies
speciation and phylogeography of sibling species
Members of the lycaenid butterfly genus Zizina occur in tropical to temperate zones of the Palaearctic, Oriental, Australian and Afrotropical regions. According to Bridges (1988), whose classification was widely accepted at that time, Zizina comprised the following four species: Z. otis, Z. labradus, Z. oxleyi and Z. antanossa. Yago et al. (2008) inferred phylogenetic relationships for all four species from the ND5 region of mtDNA. From the molecular analyses and morphological evidence, they concluded that Zizina contains three species; Z. otis, Z. oxleyi and Z. emelina. The status of the latter species was revised, while Z. labradus and Z. antanossa, which were formerly treated as specifically distinct, were regarded as subspecies of Z. otis. Based on the analyses, they also employed phylogeography to discuss possible speciation events in Zizina. Each of the three species appears to have branched from the common ancestor, with a divergence time estimated to be about 2.5 million years ago. The ancestors of Z. oxleyi and Z. emelina are postulated to have adapted to a temperate climate, diverged in the northern and southern hemispheres, and resulted in the extant species from New Zealand and East Asia, respectively. In contrast, the ancestor of Z. otis adapted mainly to tropical and subtropical zones, and the extant Z. otis dispersed into the Afrotropical, Oriental and Australian regions. (Masaya Yago)
References
Yago, M. et al. (2008) Molecular systematics and biogeography of the genus Zizina (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Zootaxa 1746: 15–38.
Bridges, C. A. (1988) Catalogue of Lycaenidae & Riodinidae (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera). Urbana: Private publication.